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Nilosaharan languages

There are some 100 Nilosaharan languages. The language family as such is poorly substantiated, and may or may not contain several members that will eventually end up in the unclassified category. The subcategorization of the Nilosaharan languages followed here derives from Lionel Bender (1997), who makes a distinction between a Core Group, Satellites and Outliers. (This is also reflected in the adjoining map.)

• Nilosaharan Core Group
  • East Sudanic -- at least 50 languages, incl. Maasai
  • Kado/Kadugli -- perhaps 5 laguages
  • Koman -- four languages
  • Gumuz -- one language

• Satellites : probably Nilosaharan
  • Central Sudanic -- some 30-60 languages
  • Maban -- five languages
  • Foran -- two languages
  • Berta -- one language
  • Kunama -- one language

• Outliers : possibly Nilosaharan
  • Songhay
    • North Songhay: Korandje (in Algeria), Tasawaq, Tadaksahak, Thihishit/Tagdal
    • West Songhay: Koyra Chiini (at Timbouctou), Djenne Chiini
    • East Songhay: Koyraboro Senni (at Gao)
    • Central Songhay: Humburi Senni
    • South Songhay: Dendi, Zarma/Djerma, Kaado
  • Kuliak -- three languages
  • Saharan -- some 5-10 languages

A SELECTION OF PRINTED SOURCES

Bender, Marvin Lionel. (Ed.) 1983. Nilo-Saharan language studies. Monographs from the Committee on Northeast African Studies, n. 13.

Bender, Marvin Lionel. 1997. The Nilo-Saharan languages: a comparative essay. 2nd edition. Lincom handbooks in linguistics, n. 6. Lincom Europa.

Bender, Marvin Lionel. 2000. Nilo-Saharan. In: African languages: an introduction (ed. by Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse), p. 43-73. Cambridge University Press.

Ehret, Christopher. 2001. A historical-comparative reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika (SUGIA), Beiheft 12. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.

Greenberg, Joseph Harold. 1971. Nilosaharan and Meroitic. In: Current trends in linguistics, v. 7: linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa (ed. by Thomas Albert Sebeok), p. 421-442. Mouton & Co.

Heine, Bernd; Schadeberg, Thilo C.; Wolff, Ekkehard. (Eds.) 1981. Die Sprachen Afrikas, Bd 3: Nilosaharanisch. Helmut Buske Verlag.

Nilo-Saharan newsletter / Informations nilo-sahariennes.
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/nilsah/index.html

Nilo-Saharan languages, according to SIL's Ethnologue.
www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90116

Nilo-Saharan languages, according to Wikipedia.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages

Claudia Baasner, 2007
Die Lexikografie der nilosaharanischen Sprachen (PDF). Beiträge zur 1. Kölner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 12.-14. Mai 2006. Inst. für Afrikanistik, Universität zu Köln.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/kant/kant1_index.html

Roger M. Blench, 2000
Nilo-Saharan language listing (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench, 2000
Besprechungsartikel: The classifcation of Nilo-Saharan (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 83, p. 293-307.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench, 2004
Is Niger-Congo simply a branch of Nilo-Saharan? (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge. (Originally published 1995 in the proceedings of the 5th international Nilo-Saharan linguistics colloquium, 1992.)
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench, 2004
Further evidence for Niger-Saharan and the problem of pan-African roots (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench, 2004
Niger-Saharan: additional glosses (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench, 2006
The Niger-Saharan macrophylum (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Pascal Boyeldieu, Pierre Nougayrol, Pierre Palayer
Lexique comparatif historique des langues sara-bongo-baguirmiennes.
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/SBB

C. Chanard
Systèmes alphabétiques des langues africaines d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Tom Güldemann
The Macro-Sudan Belt: towards identifying a linguistic area in northern sub-Saharan Africa (PDF). From: Africa as a linguistic area. Edited by Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse.
email.eva.mpg.de/~gueldema/pdf/05MacroSudan.pdf

Helene Fatima Idris, 2003
Swedish contributions to African linguistics, with a focus on Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic languages (PDF). Africa & Asia: Göteborg working papers on Asian and African languages and literatures, v. 3, p. 53-63.
www.african.gu.se/aa/downloads/aa03053.pdf

Angelika Mietzner, Helma Pasch, 2007
Expressions of cardinal directions in Nilotic and in Ubangian Languages (PDF). SKASE (Slovak Association for the Study of English) journal of theoretical linguistics, v. 4, 3, p. 17-31.
www.skase.sk

Angelika Mietzner, Susanne Rous, 2007
Himmelsrichtungen in nilotischen und tschadischen Sprachen (PDF). Beiträge zur 1. Kölner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 12.-14. Mai 2006. Inst. für Afrikanistik, Universität zu Köln.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/kant/kant1_i2.html

A. Muzzolini, 1989
Les Nilo-Sahariens et l'archéologie (PDF). From: Datation et chronologie dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre-Mer (ORSTOM).
www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/38085.pdf

Pierre Nougayrol, 1990
Langues et populations du nort-est centrafricain (PDF). From: Relations interethniques et culture matérielle dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre-Mer (ORSTOM).
horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/31546.pdf

Kenneth S. Olson, John Hajek, 2001
The geographic and genetic distribution of the labial flap (PDF). SIL electronic working paper SILEWP 2001-002.
www.sil.org/silewp/2001/002

Doris L. Payne
Nilotic Language Research Network. University of Oregon.
darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Nilotic/NiloticNetwork.htm

Anne Storch
Haptische, visuelle, und olfaktorische Sprachen: Westnilotische Wahrnehmungen. Afrikanistik Online. Digital Peer Publishing.
www.dipp.nrw.de/afrika/archiv/45

Anne Storch, 2007
Grammatical change and emblematic features in Western Nilotic (PDF). Selected proceedings of the 37th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/37/index.html

WebVerbix On-Line Conjugator for Acholi.
www.verbix.com/languages/xml/Acholi.html

Calvain Mbernodji, Katharina Wolf, 2008
Une enquête sociolinguistique des parlers Kibet, Rounga, Daggal et Mourro du Tchad: rapport technique (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR-2008-014.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2008-014

Sara Mackenzie, 2005
Similarity and contrast in consonant harmony systems (PDF). From: Toronto working papers in linguistics, v. 24, p. 169-182.
www.chass.utoronto.ca/~twpl/volume24.htm

Mona Lindau Webb, Leon Carl Jacobson, Peter Ladefoged, 1972
The feature advanced tongue root (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 22, p. 76-94.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No22/

Mona Lindau Webb, Leon Carl Jacobson, Peter Ladefoged, 1972
The feature advanced tongue root (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 22, p. 76-94.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No22/

C. Chanard
Avokaya - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Gerrit J. Dimmendaal, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey report of Tirma, Chai, Baale and Mursi (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-033.
www.sil.org/silesr/2002/033

C. Chanard
Lendu - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Ian Maddieson, 1977
Tone loans: a question concerning tone spacing and a method of answering it (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 36, p. 49-83.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No36/

Heinrich Barth, 1862/66
Collection of vocabularies of Central-African languages = Sammlung und Bearbeitung central-afrikanischer Vokabularien der Kanúri-, Téda-, Hausá-, Fulfúlde-, Songai-, Lógone-, Wándalá-, Bágrimma- und Maba-Sprachen (PDF). Justus Perthes.
books.google.com/books?id=vTAOAAAAIAAJ

C. Chanard
Jur Modo - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Angelika Jakobi, 2007
Focus in an active/agentive alignment system: the case of Beria (Saharan) (PDF). From: ZAS papers in linguistics, v. 46, p. 129-142.
www.zas.gwz-berlin.de/index.html?publications_zaspil

Heinrich Barth, 1862/66
Collection of vocabularies of Central-African languages = Sammlung und Bearbeitung central-afrikanischer Vokabularien der Kanúri-, Téda-, Hausá-, Fulfúlde-, Songai-, Lógone-, Wándalá-, Bágrimma- und Maba-Sprachen (PDF). Justus Perthes.
books.google.com/books?id=vTAOAAAAIAAJ

Gerrit J. Dimmendaal, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey report of Tirma, Chai, Baale and Mursi (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-033.
www.sil.org/silesr/2002/033

Deborah Lucassen, Marco Last, 2002
A Chai word list (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-064.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-064

Dinka-English dictionary (PDF). Released by SIL, converted to Unicode by Roger M. Blench. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Mike Brisco
English to Dinka glossary (PDF). Derived from SIL International's draft Dinka-English dictionary.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Leoma Gilley, 2004
Morphophonemic orthographies in fusional languages: the cases of Dinka and Shilluk (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2004-003.
www.sil.org/silewp/abstract.asp?ref=2004-003

Hélène Fatima Idris, 2004
Modern developments in the Dinka language (PDF). Dept of Oriental and African Languages, Göteborg University. Pp 77.
www.african.gu.se/downloads/gais03dinka.pdf

Bert Remijsen, D. Robert Ladd, 2006
Tone and tone sandhi in Dinka - Luanyjang dialect (PPT 7,5Mb). Paper presented at the 36th colloquium on African languages and linguistics (CALL36), University of Leiden.
www.tca.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/CALL2006/Remijsen/remijsencall2006.pps

Eric Johnson, 2007
Enquete sociolinguistique des varietes linguistiques de la region de Doba du Tchad (PDF). SIL electronic survey reports (SILESR), n. 2007-010.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2007-010

Elaine Bombay, 2007
Enquete sociolinguistique sur les langues tama et assangori parlers du Tchad et du Soudan (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2007-023.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2007-023

Wikipedia
The Fur language.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_language

Sabine Wiedemann, Prossy Nannyombi, 2007
Ik language assessment report (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2007-024.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2007-024

Jürg Stalder, Ruth Stalder, 1994
Rapport d'enquête sociolinguistique: première évaluation parmi les KABA (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 1999-005.
www.sil.org/silesr/1999/005/KABA_3.pdf

Herman Bell, 1998
The Nuba Mountains: who spoke what in 1976?. Sudanic Africa: text and sources archive (online), n. 1. Centre for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Bergen.
www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/Nuba.html

Roger Blench, 2004
The Kadu languages, and their affiliation: between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Thilo C. Schadeberg, 1981
The classification of the Kadugli language group (PDF). From: Nilo-Saharan: proceedings of the 1st Nilo-Saharan linguistics colloquium, Leiden, September 8-10, 1980.
hdl.handle.net/1887/8805

Thilo C. Schadeberg, 1994
Comparative Kadu wordlists (PDF). From: Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP), v. 40, p. 11-48.
hdl.handle.net/1887/8829

C. Chanard
Sabaot - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Chet A. Creider, 2002
The semantics of participant types in derived verbs in Nandi (PDF). Revue québécoise de linguistique, v. 31, p. 171-190.
www.erudit.org/revue/rql/2002/v31/n2/009316ar.pdf

John Local, Ken Lodge, 1996
Another Travesty of Representation: phonological representation and phonetic interpretation of ATR harmony in Kalenjin (PDF). York papers in linguistics, v. 17, p. 77-117.
eric.ed.gov (ED399776)

Nathan Oyori Ogechi, Sara Jerop Ruto, 2002
Portrayal of disability through personal names and proverbs in Kenya: evidence from Ekegusii and Nandi (PDF). Stichproben: Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien, v. 3, p. 63-82.
www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben

Serge Tornay, 1969
Essai sur le vocabulaire de parenté des Keyo du Kenya. L'homme, v. 9 (30), p. 113-135.
www.persee.fr/showIssue.do?issueKey=hom_0439-4216_1969_num_9_2

Wikipedia
The Okiek language.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okiek_language

Joost Zwarts, 2001
Number in Endo-Marakwet (PDF). Utrecht Institute of Linguistics.
www.let.uu.nl/users/Joost.Zwarts/personal/Papers/Endo_number.pdf

Wikipedia in Kanuri.
kr.wikipedia.org

KASA - Kanuri Studies Association.
www.kanuri.net

Heinrich Barth, 1862/66
Collection of vocabularies of Central-African languages = Sammlung und Bearbeitung central-afrikanischer Vokabularien der Kanúri-, Téda-, Hausá-, Fulfúlde-, Songai-, Lógone-, Wándalá-, Bágrimma- und Maba-Sprachen (PDF). Justus Perthes.
books.google.com/books?id=vTAOAAAAIAAJ

Conrad Max Benedict Brann, 1996
Developing urban socio-linguistics in the Lake Chad region (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 8, p. 19-35.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3519/

Shettina Umara Bulakarima, 1996
Kanembu-Kanuri relationship: a proposal (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 8, p. 37-49.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3526/

C. Chanard
Kanuri - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Norbert Cyffer, 1983
Case marking in Kanuri (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 191-202.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)

Norbert Cyffer, 1997
A survey of the Kanuri language. From: Advances in Kanuri scholarship. Edited by Norbert Cyffer and Thomas Geider. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
www.kanuri.net/kanuri_studies2.php?aID=25

Norbert Cyffer, Doris Löhr, Editha Platte, Abba Isa Tijani, 1996
Adaptation and delimitation: some thoughts about the Kanurization of the Gamergu (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 8, p. 49-67.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3529/

Thomas Geider, Raimund Vogels, 1996
Environmental and cultural reflections in Kanuri hunters' songs (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 8, p. 77-87.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3549/

J.P. Hutchinson, 1990
Classement des dialectes kanuri-kanembu à partir des verbes de la troisième classe (PDF). From: Relations interethniques et culture matériele dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre-Mer (ORSTOM).
www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/31547.pdf

D. Ibriszimow, R. Kawka, D. Löhr, C. Mtaku, R. Vogels, I.M. Waziri, 2000
Historical implications of a linguistic environment: towards a systemic approach (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 14, p. 179-190.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3559/

Dierk Lange, 1972
Un vocabulaire kanuri de la fin du XVII e siécle. Cahiers d'études africaines, v. 12, p. 277-290.
www.persee.fr/showIssue.do?issueKey=cea_0008-0055_1972_num_12_46

H. Ekkehard Wolff, Doris Löhr, 2007
Encoding focus in Kanuri verbal morphology: predication focus and the "Kanuri focus shift" (PDF). From: ZAS papers in linguistics, v. 46, p. 185-209.
www.zas.gwz-berlin.de/index.html?publications_zaspil

Diane Lesley-Neuman, 2007
ATR harmony in Karimojong: justification for a stratal theory (PDF). MA thesis. University of Colorado at Boulder.
roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1337

Michael D. Quam, 1999
A bibliography of Karamoja, Uganda: books and articles published in English. Electronic journal of Africana bibliography, v. 5.
sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/ejab/5/index.html

Andrew Persson, Janet Persson
English-Katcha dictionary from the papers of Roland Stevenson (PDF) typed by Andrew and Janet Persson of SIL. Editing and formatting by Roger Blench.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
The Kayigang language of the Nuba Hills, Sudan (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Arcangelo Carradori, 1635
Dictionary of 17th century Kenzi Nubian: the oldest dictionary of an African language, with an introduction by Jay Spaulding.
www.yourdictionary.com/elr/nubian.html

Inge Hofmann, 1983
gú:, úgu:, úgre:s im Kenzi-Nubischen (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 115-130.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)

Antje Maass, 2008
Le bilala, le kouka et le medogo: trois langues ou une? (PDF). SIL electronic survey reports (SILESR), 2008-005.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2008-005

Osamu Hieda, 1991
Koegu vocabulary, with a reference to Kara (PDF). African study monographs, supplementary issue, v. 14, p. 1-70.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_suppl/root.htm

M. Lionel Bender, 1983
Proto-Koman phonology and lexicon (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 259-297.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)

C. Chanard
Kresh - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

M. Lionel Bender, 1983
Proto-Koman phonology and lexicon (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 259-297.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)

Arvi Hurskainen, 1994
Plant taxonomy of the Parakuyo, Tanzania (PDF). Nordic journal of African studies, v. 3 (2), p. 117-158.
www.njas.helsinki.fi

C. Chanard
Lugbara - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

C. Chanard
Dholuo - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Sue Wen Chiao, 1998
Complex noun phrases in Luo. Rice University, Houston TX.
www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ling215/Luo/noun_phrases.html

Leon Carl Jacobson, 1978
DhoLuo vowel harmony: a phonetic investigation (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, 43.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No43/

Mona Lindau Webb, 1987
Tongue mechanisms in Akan and Luo (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 68, p. 46-57.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No68/

Mona Lindau Webb, Leon Carl Jacobson, Peter Ladefoged, 1972
The feature advanced tongue root (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 22, p. 76-94.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No22/

Betsy McCall, 1999
Luo verb morphology: a description and an Optimality-Theoretic account.
www.pewtergallery.com/betsy//writing/academic/luo/verbs.html

Melissa McConachie, 1998
Comparatives and superlatives in Luo. Rice University, Houston TX.
www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ling215/Luo/comparatives.html

Sara Mackenzie, 2005
Similarity and contrast in consonant harmony systems (PDF). From: Toronto working papers in linguistics, v. 24, p. 169-182.
www.chass.utoronto.ca/~twpl/volume24.htm

Eunita D.A. Ochola, 2006
English words and phrases in Dholuo-English codeswitching (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 36th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/36/index.html

Daniel Owino, 2003
Phonological nativization of Dholuo loanwords (PDF). DLitt thesis. University of Pretoria.
upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02092004-112729

Douglas Pulleyblank, 2006
Minimizing UG: constraints upon constraints - with a case study of Luo (PDF). From: Proceedings of the 25th West coast conference on formal linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/25/index.html

Emily Schafer, 1998
Imperatives in Luo. Rice University, Houston TX.
www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ling215/Luo/imperatives.html

Douglas Boone, Richard Watson, 1992
Moru-Ma'di survey report (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 1999-001.
www.sil.org/silesr/1999/001/mmsurvey-w97.pdf

C. Chanard
Pandikeri - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

See separate page for Maasai links.

Anton Vorbichler, 1983
Zahlensystem des Balese-Obi und Mamvu (Mangbutu-Efe-Gruppe der zentralsudanischen Sprachen) (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 131-140.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)

C. Chanard
Mangbetu (Meje) - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Didier Demolin, 1989
Production et perception des voyelles en mangbetu (PDF). Pholia, v. 4, p. 45-69.
www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/divers/Download/Pholia/Pholia_N-4.pdf (whole issue)

Didier Demolin, 1990
Les trilles bilabiales du mangbetu (PDF). Pholia, v. 5, p. 67-90.
www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/divers/Download/Pholia/Pholia_N-5.pdf (whole issue)

Didier Demolin, 1991
Les consonnes labio-velaires du mangbetu (PDF). Pholia, v. 6, p. 85-105.
www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/divers/Download/Pholia/Pholia_N-6.pdf (whole issue)

Angela Prinz, 1991
Rapport d'une enquête linguistique et sociolinguistique parmi les maba et massalit de la Prefecture du Ouaddai (PDF). SIL Cameroun.
www.sil.org/africa/cameroun/bylanguage/languages/massalit.html

Douglas Boone, Richard Watson, 1992
Moru-Ma'di survey report (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 1999-001.
www.sil.org/silesr/1999/001/mmsurvey-w97.pdf

C. Chanard
Murle - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Ralph Siebert, Simon Caudwell, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey report of the Melo (Malo) and Mursi languages of Ethiopia (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-046.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-046

Gerrit J. Dimmendaal, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey report of Tirma, Chai, Baale and Mursi (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-033.
www.sil.org/silesr/2002/033

Thilo C. Schadeberg, 1987
Zwei areale Sprachmerkmale im Ostsudan unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nera-bena (PDF). From: Leo Reinisch (Werk und Erbe). Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
hdl.handle.net/1887/8817

C. Chanard
Ngambai - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Mark Dingemanse, 2005
A sketch of Nobiin tone (PDF). University of Leiden.
markdingemanse.nl/linguistics

Wikipedia
The Nobiin language.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobiin_language

Hermann Bell, 1998
The Nuba Mountains: who spoke what in 1976?. Sudanic Africa: text and sources archive (online), n. 1. Centre for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Bergen.
www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/nuba.html

Robin Thelwall, 1982
Linguistic aspects of Greater Nubian history. From: The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history. Edited by Christopher Ehret & Merrick Posnansky. University of California Press.
www.thenubian.net/aspect.php

Robin Thelwall, Thilo C. Schadeberg, 1983
The linguistic settlement of the Nuba Mountains (PDF). From: Sprache und Geschichte in Africa, v. 5, p. 219-231.
hdl.handle.net/1887/8810

Nuer field notes - incl. dictionary, expressions, grammar, and many other things at Indiana University.
www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/nuer/index.html

Ira R. Buchler, 1966
Sémantique descriptive des catégories religieuses Nuer. L'homme, v. 6 (20), p. 35-58.
www.persee.fr/showIssue.do?issueKey=hom_0439-4216_1966_num_6_4

P. Ray Huffman, 1929
Nuer-English dictionary (PDF). Berlin.
www.archive.org/details/nuerenglishdicti00huffuoft

Edward Miner
The development of Nuer linguistics. Indiana University.
www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/nuer/index.html

Frank Wright, 1999
Nuer noun morphology (PDF). MA thesis. SUNY at Buffalo.
linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/students/ma_theses/wright/fwrightmathesis.pdf

Serge Tornay, 1973
Langage et perception: la dénomination des couleurs chez les Nyangatom du sud-ouest éthiopien. L'homme, v. 13 (48), p. 66-94.
www.persee.fr/showIssue.do?issueKey=hom_0439-4216_1973_num_13_4

Wikipedia
The Old Nubian language.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nubian_language

M. Lionel Bender, 1983
Proto-Koman phonology and lexicon (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 259-297.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)

Jacques Fédry, 1976
L'expérience du corps comme structure du langage: essai sur la langue sàr (Tchad). L'homme, v. 16 (57), p. 65-107.
www.persee.fr/showIssue.do?issueKey=hom_0439-4216_1976_num_16_1

Leoma Gilley, 2004
Morphophonemic orthographies in fusional languages: the cases of Dinka and Shilluk (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2004-003.
www.sil.org/silewp/abstract.asp?ref=2004-003

Diedrich Westermann, 1911
A short grammar of the Shilluk language (PDF). Philadelphia.
www.archive.org/details/shortgrammarofsh00westrich

Songhay sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

WebVerbix On-Line Conjugator for Zarma.
www.verbix.com/languages/xml/Zarma.html

Zarma dictionary / Dictionnaire zarma / Zarmaciine kaamuusu prepared by Peace Corps, Niger. 2001. Hosted by Bisharat!
www.bisharat.net/Zarma

Heinrich Barth, 1862/66
Collection of vocabularies of Central-African languages = Sammlung und Bearbeitung central-afrikanischer Vokabularien der Kanúri-, Téda-, Hausá-, Fulfúlde-, Songai-, Lógone-, Wándalá-, Bágrimma- und Maba-Sprachen (PDF). Justus Perthes.
books.google.com/books?id=vTAOAAAAIAAJ

Cécile Canut, 1992
Dynamisme linguistique à Bamako: les familles songoy en zone mandingue (PDF). Mandenkan, v. 24, p. 75-89.
llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/Mandenkan

C. Chanard
Songhoy, Zarma (Songay) - systèmes alphabétiques d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Niels Christiansen, Regula Christiansen, 2002
Some verb morphology features of Tadaksahak; or, Berber or Songhay, this is the question. SIL electronic working paper SILEWP 2002-005.
www.sil.org/silewp/abstract.asp?ref=2002-005

Regula Christiansen, Stephen H. Levinson, 2003
Relative clauses in Tadaksahak. SIL electronic working paper SILEWP 2003-003.
www.sil.org/silewp/abstract.asp?ref=2003-003

Gérard Galtier, 1987/88
La notation graphique du son [ng] dans quelques langues du Mali: bambara, songhaï, dogon, bozo (PDF). Mandenkan, v. 14/15, p. 153-169.
llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/Mandenkan

Byron Harrison, Anette Harrison, Michael Rueck, 1997
Southern Songhay speech varieties in Niger: a sociolinguistic survey of the Zarma, Songhay, Kurtey, Wogo and Dendi peoples of Niger (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 1999-004.
www.sil.org/silesr/1999/004/zarmarpt4.pdf

Jackson Neises, Noelle Smith, 1995
Zarma - technical language manual for AFSI/NRM volunteers (PDF). Peace Corps Nigeria.
eric.ed.gov (ED402777)

Denis Niamey
Notions elementaires pour apprendre le zarma.
denisnddo.free.fr/html/zarma.htm

Robert Nicolaï, 1989
Songhay et mandé (PDF). Mandenkan, v. 18, p. 69-80.
llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/Mandenkan

Robert Nicolai, 2003
Songhay-Mande convergence area: questions and frames (PDF). In: Africa as a linguistic area/Areal typology and African languages. Edited by Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse. Cambridge UP.
www.unice.fr/ChaireIUF-Nicolai/TextesRN/Songhay-mande_convergence.pdf

Robert Nicolai, 2005
Language processes, theory and description of language change, and building on the past: lessons from Songhay (PDF). In: Linguistic diversity and language theories, p. 81-104. Edited by Z. Frajzyngier, A. Hodges & D.S. Rood. John Benjamins Publ.
www.unice.fr/ChaireIUF-Nicolai/TextesRN/Language_processes.pdf

Michael Rueck, Niels Christiansen, 2001
Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger: a sociolinguistic survey (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 1999-008.
www.sil.org/silesr/1999/008/nsonghay.pdf

Petr Zima, 1989
Les langues mandé, le songhay et les langues tchadiques: où en sommes nous après Greenberg et Lacroix? (PDF). Mandenkan, v. 18, p. 97-115.
llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/Mandenkan

Jon Abbink, 1993
Suri-English basic vocabulary (PDF). From: Frankfurter afrikanistische Blätter, v. 5, p. 39-64.
hdl.handle.net/1887/9065

Tim Girard, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey report of abortive Suri (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-022.
www.sil.org/silesr/2002/022

Elaine Bombay, 2007
Enquete sociolinguistique sur les langues tama et assangori parlers du Tchad et du Soudan (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2007-023.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2007-023

Heinrich Barth, 1862/66
Collection of vocabularies of Central-African languages = Sammlung und Bearbeitung central-afrikanischer Vokabularien der Kanúri-, Téda-, Hausá-, Fulfúlde-, Songai-, Lógone-, Wándalá-, Bágrimma- und Maba-Sprachen (PDF). Justus Perthes.
books.google.com/books?id=vTAOAAAAIAAJ

C. Chanard
Daza, Teda - systèmes alphabétiques d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Gerrit J. Dimmendaal, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey report of Tirma, Chai, Baale and Mursi (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-033.
www.sil.org/silesr/2002/033

C. Chanard
Toposa - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Koji Kitamura, 1997
Communication for "negotiation" among the Turkana (PDF). African study monographs, v. 18, p. 241-256.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm

Itaru Ohta, 1989
A classified vocabulary of the Turkana in northwestern Kenya (PDF). African study monographs, supplementary issue, v. 10, p. 1-104.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_suppl/root.htm

M. Lionel Bender, 1983
Proto-Koman phonology and lexicon (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 259-297.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)