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WEB RESOURCES FOR
AFRICAN LANGUAGES
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These pages
were created
by Jouni Maho.

EMAIL:
guy.depauw(at)aflat.org

The distribution of Benue-Congo languages
[ Niger-Congo » Benue-Congo ]

Benue-Congo languages

There are some 700-900 Benue-Congo languages, of which a little more than half are Bantu languages. The remaining Benue-Congo languages are all spoken in Cameroon and Nigeria. For present purposes, they can be subgrouped as follows (cfr chapters in Bendor-Samuel 1989, Williamson & Blench 2000):

  • West Benue-Congo
    • Akpes -- a dialect (language?) cluster
    • Ayere-Ahan (prev. Defoid) -- two languages
    • Akokoid (prev. Defoid) -- at least one language
    • Yoruboid (prev. Defoid) -- up to five languages, incl. Yoruba
    • Edoid -- some 20-30 languages
    • Igboid -- at least two languages
    • Nupoid -- some 10-20 languages
    • Oko -- one language
    • Idomoid -- up to 10 languages
  • East Benue-Congo
    • Central Nigerian (Platoid & Kainji) -- some 100-150 languages
    • Ukaan -- a dialect cluster
    • Cross-River -- some 50-70 languages
    • Bantoid -- between 500-700 languages, incl. 400-500 Bantu languages

Note that the Bantoid and Bantu languages are on separate pages.

A SELECTION OF PRINTED SOURCES

Bendor-Samuel, John Theodor. (Ed.) 1989. The Niger-Congo languages: a classification and description of Africa's largest language family. University Press of America, by arrangement with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).

Blench, Roger M. 1989. New Benue-Congo: a definition and proposed internal classification. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 17, p. 115-147.

Crozier, David Henry; Blench, Roger M. 1992. An index of Nigerian languages. 2nd edition. Language Development Centre at the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages at University of Ilorin, and Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).

Williamson, Kay. 1989. Benue-Congo overview. In: The Niger-Congo languages (ed. by John Theodor Bendor-Samuel), p. 247-274. University Press of America, by arrangement with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).

Williamson, Kay; Blench, Roger M. 2000. Niger-Congo. In: African languages: an introduction (ed. by Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse), p. 11-42. Cambridge University Press.

General, comparative, miscellaneous back to top »

Akinbiyi Akinabi, Mark Liberman, 2007
Tonal complexes: the prosodic organization of tones (PDF). Rutgers Optimal Archive ROA-911.
roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1302

Felix Ameka
The multiverb constructions in a West African areal typological perspective (PDF). Online proceedings of TROSS03, Trondheim Summer School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
edvarda.hf.ntnu.no/ling/tross/TROSS03-toc.html

Roger M. Blench
Atlas of Nigerian languages - 3rd edition (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench, Musa Doma, others
The Benue-Congo languages: a proposed internal classification (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

C. Chanard
Systèmes alphabétiques des langues africaines d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Ludwig Gerhardt, 2002
Pluraktionale Verben in einigen Benue-Congo-Sprachen des nigerianischen Plateau (PDF). Hamburger afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, n. 1, p. 37-58.
www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/10/AfrikaS/veroeffentlichungen.html

Tom Güldemann
The Macro-Sudan Belt: towards identifying a linguistic area in northern sub-Saharan Africa (PDF). From: Africa as a linguistic area. Edited by Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse.
email.eva.mpg.de/~gueldema/pdf/05MacroSudan.pdf

Tom Güldemann, Edward D. Elderkin
Preverbal objects and information structure in Benue-Congo (PDF). From: Focus strategies. Edited by Enoch O. Aboh, Katharina Hartmann and Malte Zimmermann. Mouton de Gruyter.
email.eva.mpg.de/~gueldema/pdf/OV-BenueCongo.pdf

Harry Hamilton Johnston, 1919/22
A comparative study of the Bantu and semi-Bantu languages (PDF). Oxford.
www.archive.org/details/comparativestudy01johnuoft

Bertram A. Okolo, 1981
The history of Nigerian linguistics: a preliminary survey (PDF). Kansas working papers in linguistics, v. 6, p. 99-125.
hdl.handle.net/1808/558

Kenneth S. Olson, John Hajek, 2001
The geographic and genetic distribution of the labial flap (PDF). SIL electronic working paper SILEWP 2001-002.
www.sil.org/silewp/2001/002

Abuan < Central Delta < Cross-River back to top »

Gudrun Miehe, 1983
Die Nominalklassen des Abuan (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 159-174.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)

Agwagwune < Upper Cross < Cross-River back to top »

Marie K. Huffman, 1987
Timing of contextual nasalization in two languages (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 69, p. 68-76.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No69/

Ake < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ake language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Akpondu < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Akpondu, Nigbo, Beber, and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Akum < Cross-River back to top »

Puis Akumbu, Elizabeth Brye, 2005
A rapid appraisal language survey of Akum (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2005-005.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2005-005

Anaang < Lower Cross < Cross-River back to top »

Bisharat discussion board: Ibibio, Efik, Anaang & ICT.
www.quicktopic.com/share?s=QSpo

Ayere-Ahan < West Benue-Congo back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ayere language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ayu < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ayu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Babur, Beber < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Bamidele Rotimi Badejo, 1996
Oral tradition versus linguistic evidence: the Babur-Bura case revisited (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 8, p. 13-17.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3515/

Roger M. Blench
Akpondu, Nigbo, Beber, and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Basa-Benue < Basa < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Dictionary of the language of the Bas(s)a people (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Beezen < unclassified Benue-Congo language back to top »

Roland J.L. Breton, 1995
Les Furu et leurs voisins: découverte et essai de classification d'un groupe de langues en voie d'extinction au Cameroun (PDF). Cahiers des sciences humaines, v. 31, p. 17-48.
www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/41735.pdf

Edward Brye, 2004
Rapid appraisal of Beezen (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2004-010.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2004-010

Bekwarra < Bendi < Cross River back to top »

C. Chanard
Mbembe - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Bendi languages < Cross-River back to top »

Roger M. Blench, 2001
The Bendi languages: more lost Bantu languages? (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Berom < Central Plateau (< Platoid) < Central Nigerian back to top »

Berom sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Roger M. Blench
Adjective morphology in Eastern Berom (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Plural verb morphology in Eastern Berom (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Comparative Beromic (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
The Tahoss dialect of the Berom language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

C. Chanard
Berom - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Bokyi, Nfaw < Bendi languages < Cross-River back to top »

Vincent Ambe Tanda, Ayu'nwi N. Neba, 2005
Negation in Mokpe and two related coastal Bantu languages of Cameroon (PDF). African study monographs, v. 26, p. 201-219.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm

Bu, Jidda-Abu < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Bu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Cara < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Cara language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ce, Rukuba < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ce [Rukuba] language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Cicipu, "West Acipu" < Kambari < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Stuart McGill
The Cicipu language.
www.cicipu.org/index.html

Stuart McGill
Online Cicipu dictionary.
www.cicipu.org/dictionary.html

Stuart McGill
The classification of Cicipu (PDF).
www.cicipu.org/linguistics.html

Stuart McGill
The noun class system of Cicipu (PDF).
www.cicipu.org/linguistics.html

Damakawa < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Stuart McGill, 2008
The Damakawa language (PDF).
www.cicipu.org/linguistics.html

Degema < Delta Edoid back to top »

Degema sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Roger M. Blench
Delta Edoid word list: Epie, Engenni, Degema (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Sean A. Fulop, 1996
An acoustic investigation of the tongue root contrast in Degema vowels (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 93, p. 13-46.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No95/

Sean A. Fulop, Ethelbert E. Kari, Peter Ladefoged, 1997
Further analysis of Degema vowel harmony (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 95, p. 1-17.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No95/

Ethelbert E. Kari, 2002
Distinguishing between clitics and affixes in Degema, Nigeria (PDF). African study monographs, v. 23, p. 91-115.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm

Ethelbert E. Kari, 2002
Distinguishing between clitics and words in Degema, Nigeria (PDF). African study monographs, v. 23, p. 177-192.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm

Ethelbert E. Kari, 2003
Serial verb constructions in Degema, Nigeria (PDF). African study monographs, v. 24, p. 271-289.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm

Ethelbert E. Kari, 2007
Vowel harmony in Degema, Nigeria (PDF). African study monographs, v. 28, p. 87-97.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm

Mona Lindau Webb, 1980
Phonetic differences in Nigerian languages (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 51, p. 105-113.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No51/

Mona Lindau Webb, 1982
Phonetic differences in glottalic consonants (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 54, p. 66-77.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No54/

Duka < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2003
Sociolinguistic survey of the Duka (Hun-Saare) people (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2003-014.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2003-014

Ebira < Nupoid back to top »

Ebira sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

C. Chanard
Ebira - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Echie, (< Igbo dialect) < Igboid back to top »

Roger M. Blench, B.O.J. Achonwa
A dictionary of Echie, an Igboid language of southern Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Edo < North-Central Edoid back to top »

Edo sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Harrison Adeniyi, 2007
A comparative study of reduplication in Edo and Yoruba (PDF). MorphOn: e-journal of morphology, 2 April 2007, p. 1-23.
www.morphologyonline.com

Ehimwenma E. Aimiuwu
Edo language.
www.edofolks.com/html/1language.htm

Charles O. Aluede, Abu A. Braimah, 2005
Edo folk songs as sources of historical reconstruction (PDF). Studies in tribes and tribals, v. 3 (2), p. 123-128.
www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-03-0-000-000-2005-Web/T%20&%20T-03-2-000-000-2005-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-03-2-123-128-2005-065-Aluede-C-O/T%20&%20T-03-2-123-128-2005-065-Aluede-C-O-Full-Text.pdf

C. Chanard
Edo (Bini) - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: Edo. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html

Mona Lindau Webb, 1980
Phonetic differences in Nigerian languages (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 51, p. 105-113.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No51/

Ota Ogie
About multi-verb constructions in Edo (PDF). Online proceedings of TROSS03, Trondheim Summer School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
edvarda.hf.ntnu.no/ling/tross/TROSS03-toc.html

Osamuyimen Thompson Stewart, 1994
On the asymmetry of serial verbs in the Edo language (PDF).
eric.ed.gov (ED375678)

Constantine Yuka, Omoregbe Mercy, 2006
"Re" as a post-verbal free form in Edo: a morpho-semantic re-analysis (PDF). MorphOn: e-journal of morphology, 28 May 2006, p. 1-13.
www.morphologyonline.com

Efik < Lower Cross < Cross-River back to top »

Bisharat discussion board: Ibibio, Efik, Anaang & ICT.
www.quicktopic.com/share?s=QSpo

Efik sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Eggon < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
A dictionary of Eggon (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ekpeye < Igboid back to top »

Roger M. Blench, David Clark, Kay Williamson
A dictionary of Ekpeye, an Igboid language of southern Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Eleme < Ogoni languages < Cross-River back to top »

Oliver Bond
Eleme language and culture.
www.eleme.org.uk

Oliver Bond, 2006
A broader perspective on point of view: logophoricity in Ogonoid languages (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 35th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/index.html

Eloyi, Afu < Idomoid or Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Eloyi language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Emai-Iuhela-Ora < North-Central Edoid back to top »

Emai-Iuhela-Ora sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

C. Chanard
Emai - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Ronald P. Schaefer, Francis O. Egbokhare
Emai sentence complements in typological perspective (PDF).
eric.ed.gov (ED468597)

Engenni < Delta Edoid back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Delta Edoid word list: Epie, Engenni, Degema (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

C. Chanard
Engenni - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Epie < Delta Edoid back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Delta Edoid word list: Epie, Engenni, Degema (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Etsako < North-Central Edoid back to top »

Baruch Elimelech, 1974
Tone alternations in the Etsako verb (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 27, p. 63-73.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No27/

Baruch Elimelech, 1976
A tonal grammar of Etsako (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, 35.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No35/

Fyam, Fyem < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Fyem language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ganang, (< Berom dialect) < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ganang language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
The strange case of Ganang (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Gbari < Nupoid back to top »

Roger M. Blench, Musa Doma, others
A dictionary of the Gbari language (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ghotuo < North-Central Edoid back to top »

Mona Lindau Webb, 1980
Phonetic differences in Nigerian languages (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 51, p. 105-113.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No51/

Gokana < Ogoni languages < Cross-River back to top »

Oliver Bond, 2006
A broader perspective on point of view: logophoricity in Ogonoid languages (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 35th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/index.html

Yan Huang, 2003
Switch-reference in Amele and logophoric verbal suffix in Gokana: a generalized neo-Gricean pragmatic analysis (PDF). Reading working papers in linguistics, n. 7, p. 53-76.
www.rdg.ac.uk/app_ling/wp7/Huang.pdf

Hasha, Yashi < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Hasha language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Horom < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Horom language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Recent fieldwork in Nigeria: report on Horom and Tapshin (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Hyam < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Hyam consonant alternation (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
'You couldn't make it up' - the phonology of Hyam (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
A wordlist of the Hyam language of Nok in central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ibibio < Lower Cross < Cross-River back to top »

Bisharat discussion board: Ibibio, Efik, Anaang & ICT.
www.quicktopic.com/share?s=QSpo

Ibibio sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Akinbiyi Akinlabi, Eno E. Urua, 2003
Foot structure in the Ibibio verb (PDF). To appear in: Journal of African languages and linguistics.
www.rci.rutgers.edu/~akinlabi/Ibibio.PDF

Ekaete Evangel Akpan, 2006
Assimilatory processes in Ibibio child phonology (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 36th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/36/index.html

Bruce Connell, 2001
Downdrift, downstep and declination (PDF). Paper presented at TAPS (Typology of African Prosodic Systems), University of Bielefeld, May 2001.
www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/TAPS/Connell.pdf

Ulrike Gut, Eno-Abasi E. Urua, Sandrine Adouakou, Dafydd Gibbon, 2001
Rhythm in West African tone languages: a study of Ibibio, Anyi and Ega (PDF). Paper presented at TAPS (Typology of African Prosodic Systems), University of Bielefeld, May 2001.
www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/TAPS/GutAdouakouGibbon.pdf

John Harris, Eno-Abasi E. Urua, 2001
Lenition degrades information: consonant allophony in Ibibio (PDF). Speech, hearing and language: work in progress from the Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College of London, v. 13, p. 72-105.
www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/shl13/contents.htm

Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: Ibibio. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html

D. Amaury Talbot, 1915
Woman's mysteries of a primitive people: the Ibibios of southern Nigeria. Originally published by Cassell & Co. in London. Webbaccess by the Internet Sacred Text Archive.
www.sacred-texts.com/afr/wmp/index.htm

Eno-Abasi E. Urua, 1994
The phonetic description of Ibibio tones (PS). On-line proceedings of the Edinburgh Linguistics Department (Postgraduate) Conference, May 1994.
www.ling.ed.ac.uk/~pgc/archive/1994/proc94/eurua.ps

Eno-Abasi E. Urua, 2001
The tone system of Ibibio (PDF). Paper presented at TAPS (Typology of African Prosodic Systems), University of Bielefeld, May 2001.
www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/TAPS/Urua.pdf

Idoma < Idomoid back to top »

Idoma sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: Idoma. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html

Adama Emmanuel Odumuh, 1994
Idoma - profile of the language situation (PDF).
eric.ed.gov (ED375664)

Igbo < Igboid back to top »

Bisharat discussion board: Igbo language & ICT.
www.quicktopic.com/share?s=QSpo

Igbo sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Wikipedia in Igbo.
ig.wikipedia.org

C. Chanard
Igbo, Ezaa, Ikwo, Izi - systèmes alphabétiques d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Michael J.C. Echeruo, 1996
The case-tone factor in Igbo nouns, with special reference to the Igbo associative construction (PDF).
eric.ed.gov (ED394273)

O.S. Elegbeleye, 2005
Value assessment of greeting scripts in the interpersonal disposition of the Yoruba and the Igbo cultures of Nigeria (PDF). Studies in tribes and tribals, v. 3 (1), p. 21-25.
www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-03-0-000-000-2005-Web/T%20&%20T-03-1-000-000-2005-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-03-1-021-025-2005-046-Elegbeleye-O-S/T%20&%20T-03-1-021-025-2005-046-Elegbeleye-O-S-Full-Text.pdf

Herbert Igboanusi, 2006
Agents of progress or problem-makers? Missionary activities in the development of the Igbo language (PDF). African study monographs, v. 27, p. 157-168.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/root_e.htm

Peter Ihiunu, Michael Kenstowicz, 1994
Two notes on Igbo vowels (PDF).
web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/kenstowicz/pdf/igbo_vowels.pdf

Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: some contrasting stops in Owerri Igbo. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html

Mona Lindau Webb, Leon Carl Jacobson, Peter Ladefoged, 1972
The feature advanced tongue root (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 22, p. 76-94.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No22/

Paul E. Meier, Inge Meier, John Theodor Bendor-Samuel, 1975
A grammar of Izi, an Igbo language (PDF). SIL publications in linguistics, n. 47.
www.ethnologue.org/show_work.asp?id=11699

Ekeoma Mmadufo
Learning Igbo/Igbo Mbu. Transcribed for the net by Chinelo.
www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3629/igbo.html

Onyema Nwazue
Introduction to the Igbo language.
ilc.igbonet.com

Obododimma Oha, 1998
The semantics of female devaluation in Igbo proverbs (PDF). African study monographs, v. 19, p. 87-102.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm

Benedict O. Okiwelu, 1999
La traduction des voix française en igbo: problèmes et solutions (PDF). Meta, v. 44, p. 650-660.
www.erudit.org/revue/meta/1999/v44/n4/003761ar.pdf

Bertram A. Okolo, 1985
An analysis of Igbo proverbs and idioms (PDF). Kansas working papers in linguistics, v. 10, p. 33-55.
hdl.handle.net/1808/496

Françoise Ugochukwu, 2000
Les missions catholiques françaises et le développement des études igbo dans l'est du Nigeria, 1885-1930. From: Cahiers d'études africaines, v. 40.
etudesafricaines.revues.org/document26.html

Uju Clara Umo, 2006
Combined effects of game strategy and location as factors of academic achievement in Igbo grammar. From: Language, society and culture, v. 18.
www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL

Kay Williamson
Dictionary of Onicha Igbo (PDF). Web-version prepared and edited by Roger M. Blench. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Igede < Idomoid back to top »

C. Chanard
Igede - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Iká < Igboid back to top »

Ikaworld.
www.ikaworld.com

Jouni Maho, 1999
Notes on nouns and noun phrases in Iká (PDF). Working paper from the Gothenburgian Iká Sessions 1998. Göteborg University. Pp 22.
www.african.gu.se/maho/downloads/mahoika.pdf

Joseph Onyeche, 2001
Loss and retention in the Ika language (PDF). Africa & Asia: Göteborg working papers on Asian and African languages and literatures, v. 1, p. 60-68.
www.african.gu.se/aa/pdfs/aa01060.pdf

Joseph Onyeche, 2002
The Ika community: a sociolinguistic description (PDF). Africa & Asia: Göteborg working papers on Asian and African languages and literatures, v. 2, p. 42-53.
www.african.gu.se/aa/pdfs/aa02042.pdf

Ikwere, (Igbo dialect) < Igboid back to top »

Ikwere sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Kelechukwu Uchechukwu Ihemere, 2006
An integrated approach to the study of language attitudes and change in Nigeria: the case of the Ikwerre of Port Harcourt City (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 36th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/36/index.html

Isekiri, Itsekiri < Yoruboid (< Defoid) back to top »

Isekiri sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Isoko < South-West Edoid back to top »

Isoko sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: Isoko. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html

Iten, Aten, Ganawuri < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Iten-English dictionary (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ivie, Ivbie < Okpela-Arhe-Ivbie cluster < North-Central Edoid back to top »

Grace Emuekpere-Masagbor, 1997
Preverbal subject markers in Ivie (PDF). PhD thesis. University of Sherbrooke.
www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21850.pdf

Izere, Zarek < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
A dictionary of the Izere language of Fobur (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Izere dictionary (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Plural verb morphology in Fobur Izere (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ludwig Gerhardt, 1984
More on the verbal system of Zarek, northern Nigeria (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 67, p. 11-30.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)

Jere cluster < Nothern Jos < East Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench, 2006
Plural verb formation in iBoze (East Kainji): a case of extreme allomorphy? (PPT). Paper presented at the 36th colloquium on African languages and linguistics (CALL36), University of Leiden.
www.tca.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/CALL2006/blenchcall2006.pps

Roger M. Blench, John Garah Nengel
Notes on the Panawa (Bujiyel) people and language (PDF). (In press.)
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

John Garah Nengel
Endangerment and survival prospects of the eBoze language, northern Jos Plateau of central Nigeria (PDF). University of Jos.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Jijili, Koro < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Jijili (Koro) language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Jili, Migili < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
A dictionary of the Jili (Migili) language of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Jukun < Jukunoid (< Platoid) < Central Nigerian back to top »

Jukun-Manuskripte. Scanned manuscripts made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml

(Anonymous?)
Phonological hierarchy of Jukun - Takum dialect (PDF). Scanned manuscript made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml

(Anonymous?)
Jukun greetings (PDF). Scanned manuscript made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml

Sabine Dinslage, Rudolf Leger, 1996
Language and migration: the impact of the Jukun on Chadic-speaking groups in the Benue-Gongola Basin (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 8, p. 67-77.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3533/

Perry Priest
Jibu dictionary (PDF). Edited by Roger M. Blench. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

William E. Welmers, 1949
Speaking Jukun - Takum dialect (PDF). Scanned manuscript made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml

Kainji languages < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The West Kainji languages of northwestern Nigeria. Part I: nomenclature and subclassification (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
The status of the East Kainji languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Kambari cluster < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

C. Chanard
Kambari - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Kamuku cluster < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2003
Sociolinguistic survey (level one) of the Kamuku language cluster (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2003-003.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2003-003

Kana, Khana < Ogoni languages < Cross-River back to top »

Khana sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Oliver Bond, 2006
A broader perspective on point of view: logophoricity in Ogonoid languages (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 35th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/index.html

Kulu < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Kulu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Kutep < Jukunoid (< Platoid) < Central Nigerian back to top »

Kutep sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Roland J.L. Breton, 1995
Les Furu et leurs voisins: découverte et essai de classification d'un groupe de langues en voie d'extinction au Cameroun (PDF). Cahiers des sciences humaines, v. 31, p. 17-48.
www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/41735.pdf

Kuturmi < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Kuturmi language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Kwanka, Vaghat < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Kwanka language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Laru < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Laru people and their language (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Leggbo < Upper Cross < Cross-River back to top »

Jeff Good, 2003
Arguments as adjuncts: negation and object preposing in Leggbó (PDF). Handout from the LSA Annual Meeting, Atlanta, January 2003.
linguistics.berkeley.edu/~jcgood/Leggbo-LSA2003.pdf

Larry Hyman, Heiko Narrog, Mary Paster, Imelda Udoh, 2002
Leggbó verb inflection: a semantic and phonological particle analysis (PDF). Paper presented at the 28th annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.
linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/Legbo_BLS_paper.pdf

Larry Hyman, Imelda Udoh, 2002
Length harmony in Leggbó: a counter-universal? (PDF). Paper presented at a workshop on the phonology of African languages (WOPAL).
linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/Length_harmony_in_Leggbo2.pdf

Larry Hyman, Imelda Udoh, 2003
Tone mapping in Leggbó (PDF). From: Stress and tone (Frankfurter afrikanistische Blätter 15). Edited by Rose-Juliet Anyanwu. Frankfurt, Germany.
linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/Hyman_Udoh_Leggbo_Tone.pdf

Lela, c'Lela < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2005
Sociolinguistic survey (level one) of the Lela people (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2005-022.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2005-022

B. Rikoto, P. Senchi, S.H. Dettweiler, Sonia G. Dettweiler
C'Lela-English-Hausa dictionary.
homepage.ntlworld.com/david.rowbory/clela

Lokaa < Upper Cross < Cross-River back to top »

Akinbiyi M. Akinlabí, 2006
Neutral vowels in Lokaa harmony (PDF). From: Wondering at the natural fecundity of things (essays in honor of Alan Prince). Linguistics Research Centre, University of California at Santa Cruz.
repositories.cdlib.org/lrc/prince/3/

Mark Baker, 2004
On verb-initial and verb-final word orders in Lokaa (PDF). Pre-publication version of a paper appearing in: Journal of African languages and linguistics, v. 26.
www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mabaker/Lokaa-word-order.pdf

Alex Iwara, Akinbiyi Akinlabi, Hubert Truckenbrodt
The tonal phonology and phonetics of the future negative in Lokaa (PDF). To appear in: Proceedings of the 33rd annual conference on African linguistics, Ohio University, Athens.
www.rci.rutgers.edu/~akinlabi/Lokaa-final.pdf

Lopa < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Lopa language of northwestern Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Lucumí = Yoruba in America < Yoruboid (< Defoid) back to top »

Lucumí vocabulary.
www.lucumi.com/vocalucumi.cfm

Mada < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
A dictionary of Mada, a Plateau language of central Nigeria, based on the Rija dialect: Mada-English with and English-Mada finderlist (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Mada nominal plurals (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Mada pronouns (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Mada verbs (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Mbembe < Upper Cross < Cross-River back to top »

C. Chanard
Mbembe - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Ndun, Indun, Nandu < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ndun language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Nincut, Aboro < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Nincut language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ningye < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ningye language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ninka < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ninka language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ninkyop, Kaningkon < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Ninkyop language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Nigbo < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Akpondu, Nigbo, Beber, and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Nisam < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Akpondu, Nigbo, Beber, and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Numana < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Numana language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Numbu < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Numbu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Nunku < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Nunku language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Nupe < Nupoid back to top »

C. Chanard
Nupe - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

H.J. Jacob, 1999
Translators and language engineering in Nigeria: a case study of Nupe language news translators (PDF). Meta, v. 44, p. 397-402.
www.erudit.org/revue/meta/1999/v44/n2/003236ar.pdf

Mohammed Kuta Yahaya, 2003
The Nupe people of Nigeria (PDF). Studies in tribes and tribals, v. 1 (2), p. 95-110.
www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-01-0-000-000-2003-Web/T%20&%20T-01-2-091-174-2003-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-01-2-095-110-2003-Yahaya/T%20&%20T-01-2-095-110-2003-Yahaya.pdf

Obulom < Central Delta < Cross-River back to top »

Obulom sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Ogba (< Igbo dialect) < Igboid back to top »

Ogba Language Committee, 2005
A dictionary of Ogbà, an Igboid language of southern Nigeria (PDF). Web version revised by Roger M. Blench. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Pe, Pai, Dalong < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Pe language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Plateau languages < East Benue-Congo back to top »

Roger M. Blench
Materials on Plateau languages: word lists, dictionaries, morphology (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Plateau field trips 1998-1999 (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Nominal morphology chaos in Plateau languages: trees versus networks (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Prospecting Proto-Plateau (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Pongu < Kamuku < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey of the Pongu people (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-040.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-040

Reshe < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey (level one) of the Reshe people (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-042.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-042

Sambe < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Sambe language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Seni < Northern Jos < East Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench, John Garah Nengel, 2004
Notes on the Seni people and language, with an addendum on Ziriya (PDF). (In press.)
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Shakara, Tari < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Shakara language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Shall < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Shall and Zwall languages of central Nigeria and their affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Sur, Tapshin < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Sur (Tapshin) language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Roger M. Blench
Recent fieldwork in Nigeria: report on Horom and Tapshin (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Tarok, Yergum < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

C. Chanard
Tarok (Yergum) - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono

Tee, Tai, (Kana dialect) < Ogoni languages < Cross-River back to top »

Tee sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Tesu, Chesu < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Tesu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Toro, Turkwam < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Toro language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Tsishingini < Kambari < West Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Kambari (Tsishingini) sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Tunzu, Duguza < Northern Jos < East Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench, John Garah Nengel, 2004
Notes on the Tunzu (Duguza) people and language (PDF). (In press.)
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Urhobo < South-West Edoid back to top »

Urhobo sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm

Rose Oro Aziza, Ken Safir
Urhobo files - anaphora sketch, questionnaire, notes. African Anaphora Project, Rutgers University.
www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/Urhobo.html

Anthony Obakponovwe Ukere, 2005
Urhobo-English dictionary (PDF). Typed in by George Sidfer for Kay Williamson. Web version edited by Roger M. Blench, Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Wapan, Wukari Jukun < Jukunoid (< Platoid) < Central Nigerian back to top »

W. Evenhouse
Wukari Jukun: a brief desctiption in English (PDF). Scanned manuscript made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml

Yangkam, Bashar < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Yangkam language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Yeskwa < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Yeskwa language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Ludwig Gerhardt, 2005
Some notes on Yeskwa (North-Western Plateau, Nigeria), with comments on Koelle's Polyglotta Africana (PDF). Hamburger afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, n. 3, p. 35-52.
www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/10/AfrikaS/veroeffentlichungen.html

Yoruba < Yoruboid (< Defoid) back to top »

See separate page for Yoruba.

Yukuben < Jukunoid (< Platoid) < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roland J.L. Breton, 1995
Les Furu et leurs voisins: découverte et essai de classification d'un groupe de langues en voie d'extinction au Cameroun (PDF). Cahiers des sciences humaines, v. 31, p. 17-48.
www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/41735.pdf

Ziriya < Northern Jos < East Kainji < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench, John Garah Nengel, 2004
Notes on the Seni people and language, with an addendum on Ziriya (PDF).
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

Zwall < Platoid < Central Nigerian back to top »

Roger M. Blench
The Shall and Zwall languages of central Nigeria and their affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm


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