[ Niger-Congo » Benue-Congo ]
Benue-Congo languages
There are some 700-900 Benue-Congo languages, of which a little more than half are Bantu languages. The remaining Benue-Congo languages are all spoken in Cameroon and Nigeria. For present purposes, they can be subgrouped as follows (cfr chapters in Bendor-Samuel 1989, Williamson & Blench 2000):
- West Benue-Congo
- Akpes -- a dialect (language?) cluster
- Ayere-Ahan (prev. Defoid) -- two languages
- Akokoid (prev. Defoid) -- at least one language
- Yoruboid (prev. Defoid) -- up to five languages, incl. Yoruba
- Edoid -- some 20-30 languages
- Igboid -- at least two languages
- Nupoid -- some 10-20 languages
- Oko -- one language
- Idomoid -- up to 10 languages
- East Benue-Congo
- Central Nigerian (Platoid & Kainji) -- some 100-150 languages
- Ukaan -- a dialect cluster
- Cross-River -- some 50-70 languages
- Bantoid -- between 500-700 languages, incl. 400-500 Bantu languages
Note that the Bantoid and Bantu languages are on separate pages.
A SELECTION OF PRINTED SOURCES
Bendor-Samuel, John Theodor. (Ed.) 1989. The Niger-Congo languages: a classification and description of Africa's largest language family. University Press of America, by arrangement with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).
Blench, Roger M. 1989. New Benue-Congo: a definition and proposed internal classification. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 17, p. 115-147.
Crozier, David Henry; Blench, Roger M. 1992. An index of Nigerian languages. 2nd edition. Language Development Centre at the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages at University of Ilorin, and Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).
Williamson, Kay. 1989. Benue-Congo overview. In: The Niger-Congo languages (ed. by John Theodor Bendor-Samuel), p. 247-274. University Press of America, by arrangement with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).
Williamson, Kay; Blench, Roger M. 2000. Niger-Congo. In: African languages: an introduction (ed. by Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse), p. 11-42. Cambridge University Press.
Akinbiyi Akinabi, Mark Liberman, 2007
Tonal complexes: the prosodic organization of tones (PDF). Rutgers Optimal Archive ROA-911.
roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1302
Felix Ameka
The multiverb constructions in a West African areal typological perspective (PDF). Online proceedings of TROSS03, Trondheim Summer School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
edvarda.hf.ntnu.no/ling/tross/TROSS03-toc.html
Roger M. Blench
Atlas of Nigerian languages - 3rd edition (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench, Musa Doma, others
The Benue-Congo languages: a proposed internal classification (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
C. Chanard
Systèmes alphabétiques des langues africaines d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Ludwig Gerhardt, 2002
Pluraktionale Verben in einigen Benue-Congo-Sprachen des nigerianischen Plateau (PDF). Hamburger afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, n. 1, p. 37-58.
www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/10/AfrikaS/veroeffentlichungen.html
Tom Güldemann
The Macro-Sudan Belt: towards identifying a linguistic area in northern sub-Saharan Africa (PDF). From: Africa as a linguistic area. Edited by Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse.
email.eva.mpg.de/~gueldema/pdf/05MacroSudan.pdf
Tom Güldemann, Edward D. Elderkin
Preverbal objects and information structure in Benue-Congo (PDF). From: Focus strategies. Edited by Enoch O. Aboh, Katharina Hartmann and Malte Zimmermann. Mouton de Gruyter.
email.eva.mpg.de/~gueldema/pdf/OV-BenueCongo.pdf
Harry Hamilton Johnston, 1919/22
A comparative study of the Bantu and semi-Bantu languages (PDF). Oxford.
www.archive.org/details/comparativestudy01johnuoft
Bertram A. Okolo, 1981
The history of Nigerian linguistics: a preliminary survey (PDF). Kansas working papers in linguistics, v. 6, p. 99-125.
hdl.handle.net/1808/558
Kenneth S. Olson, John Hajek, 2001
The geographic and genetic distribution of the labial flap (PDF). SIL electronic working paper SILEWP 2001-002.
www.sil.org/silewp/2001/002
Gudrun Miehe, 1983
Die Nominalklassen des Abuan (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 66, p. 159-174.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)
Marie K. Huffman, 1987
Timing of contextual nasalization in two languages (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 69, p. 68-76.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No69/
Roger M. Blench
The Ake language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Akpondu, Nigbo, Beber, and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Puis Akumbu, Elizabeth Brye, 2005
A rapid appraisal language survey of Akum (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2005-005.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2005-005
Bisharat discussion board: Ibibio, Efik, Anaang & ICT.
www.quicktopic.com/share?s=QSpo
Roger M. Blench
The Ayere language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Ayu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Bamidele Rotimi Badejo, 1996
Oral tradition versus linguistic evidence: the Babur-Bura case revisited (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 8, p. 13-17.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3515/
Roger M. Blench
Akpondu, Nigbo, Beber, and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Dictionary of the language of the Bas(s)a people (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roland J.L. Breton, 1995
Les Furu et leurs voisins: découverte et essai de classification d'un groupe de langues en voie d'extinction au Cameroun (PDF). Cahiers des sciences humaines, v. 31, p. 17-48.
www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/41735.pdf
Edward Brye, 2004
Rapid appraisal of Beezen (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2004-010.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2004-010
C. Chanard
Mbembe - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Roger M. Blench, 2001
The Bendi languages: more lost Bantu languages? (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
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Berom < Central Plateau (< Platoid) < Central Nigerian
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Berom sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Roger M. Blench
Adjective morphology in Eastern Berom (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Plural verb morphology in Eastern Berom (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Comparative Beromic (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Tahoss dialect of the Berom language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
C. Chanard
Berom - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Vincent Ambe Tanda, Ayu'nwi N. Neba, 2005
Negation in Mokpe and two related coastal Bantu languages of Cameroon (PDF). African study monographs, v. 26, p. 201-219.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Bu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Cara language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Ce [Rukuba] language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
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Cicipu, "West Acipu" < Kambari < West Kainji < Central Nigerian
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Stuart McGill
The Cicipu language.
www.cicipu.org/index.html
Stuart McGill
Online Cicipu dictionary.
www.cicipu.org/dictionary.html
Stuart McGill
The classification of Cicipu (PDF).
www.cicipu.org/linguistics.html
Stuart McGill
The noun class system of Cicipu (PDF).
www.cicipu.org/linguistics.html
Stuart McGill, 2008
The Damakawa language (PDF).
www.cicipu.org/linguistics.html
Degema sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Roger M. Blench
Delta Edoid word list: Epie, Engenni, Degema (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Sean A. Fulop, 1996
An acoustic investigation of the tongue root contrast in Degema vowels (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 93, p. 13-46.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No95/
Sean A. Fulop, Ethelbert E. Kari, Peter Ladefoged, 1997
Further analysis of Degema vowel harmony (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 95, p. 1-17.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No95/
Ethelbert E. Kari, 2002
Distinguishing between clitics and affixes in Degema, Nigeria (PDF). African study monographs, v. 23, p. 91-115.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm
Ethelbert E. Kari, 2002
Distinguishing between clitics and words in Degema, Nigeria (PDF). African study monographs, v. 23, p. 177-192.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm
Ethelbert E. Kari, 2003
Serial verb constructions in Degema, Nigeria (PDF). African study monographs, v. 24, p. 271-289.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm
Ethelbert E. Kari, 2007
Vowel harmony in Degema, Nigeria (PDF). African study monographs, v. 28, p. 87-97.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm
Mona Lindau Webb, 1980
Phonetic differences in Nigerian languages (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 51, p. 105-113.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No51/
Mona Lindau Webb, 1982
Phonetic differences in glottalic consonants (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 54, p. 66-77.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No54/
Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2003
Sociolinguistic survey of the Duka (Hun-Saare) people (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2003-014.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2003-014
Ebira sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
C. Chanard
Ebira - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Roger M. Blench, B.O.J. Achonwa
A dictionary of Echie, an Igboid language of southern Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Edo sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Harrison Adeniyi, 2007
A comparative study of reduplication in Edo and Yoruba (PDF). MorphOn: e-journal of morphology, 2 April 2007, p. 1-23.
www.morphologyonline.com
Ehimwenma E. Aimiuwu
Edo language.
www.edofolks.com/html/1language.htm
Charles O. Aluede, Abu A. Braimah, 2005
Edo folk songs as sources of historical reconstruction (PDF). Studies in tribes and tribals, v. 3 (2), p. 123-128.
www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-03-0-000-000-2005-Web/T%20&%20T-03-2-000-000-2005-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-03-2-123-128-2005-065-Aluede-C-O/T%20&%20T-03-2-123-128-2005-065-Aluede-C-O-Full-Text.pdf
C. Chanard
Edo (Bini) - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: Edo. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html
Mona Lindau Webb, 1980
Phonetic differences in Nigerian languages (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 51, p. 105-113.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No51/
Ota Ogie
About multi-verb constructions in Edo (PDF). Online proceedings of TROSS03, Trondheim Summer School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
edvarda.hf.ntnu.no/ling/tross/TROSS03-toc.html
Osamuyimen Thompson Stewart, 1994
On the asymmetry of serial verbs in the Edo language (PDF).
eric.ed.gov (ED375678)
Constantine Yuka, Omoregbe Mercy, 2006
"Re" as a post-verbal free form in Edo: a morpho-semantic re-analysis (PDF). MorphOn: e-journal of morphology, 28 May 2006, p. 1-13.
www.morphologyonline.com
Bisharat discussion board: Ibibio, Efik, Anaang & ICT.
www.quicktopic.com/share?s=QSpo
Efik sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Roger M. Blench
A dictionary of Eggon (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench, David Clark, Kay Williamson
A dictionary of Ekpeye, an Igboid language of southern Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Oliver Bond
Eleme language and culture.
www.eleme.org.uk
Oliver Bond, 2006
A broader perspective on point of view: logophoricity in Ogonoid languages (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 35th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/index.html
Roger M. Blench
The Eloyi language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Emai-Iuhela-Ora sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
C. Chanard
Emai - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Ronald P. Schaefer, Francis O. Egbokhare
Emai sentence complements in typological perspective (PDF).
eric.ed.gov (ED468597)
Roger M. Blench
Delta Edoid word list: Epie, Engenni, Degema (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
C. Chanard
Engenni - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Roger M. Blench
Delta Edoid word list: Epie, Engenni, Degema (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Baruch Elimelech, 1974
Tone alternations in the Etsako verb (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 27, p. 63-73.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No27/
Baruch Elimelech, 1976
A tonal grammar of Etsako (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, 35.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No35/
Roger M. Blench
The Fyem language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
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Ganang, (< Berom dialect) < Platoid < Central Nigerian
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Roger M. Blench
The Ganang language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The strange case of Ganang (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench, Musa Doma, others
A dictionary of the Gbari language (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Mona Lindau Webb, 1980
Phonetic differences in Nigerian languages (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 51, p. 105-113.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No51/
Oliver Bond, 2006
A broader perspective on point of view: logophoricity in Ogonoid languages (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 35th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/index.html
Yan Huang, 2003
Switch-reference in Amele and logophoric verbal suffix in Gokana: a generalized neo-Gricean pragmatic analysis (PDF). Reading working papers in linguistics, n. 7, p. 53-76.
www.rdg.ac.uk/app_ling/wp7/Huang.pdf
Roger M. Blench
The Hasha language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Horom language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Recent fieldwork in Nigeria: report on Horom and Tapshin (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Hyam consonant alternation (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
'You couldn't make it up' - the phonology of Hyam (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
A wordlist of the Hyam language of Nok in central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Bisharat discussion board: Ibibio, Efik, Anaang & ICT.
www.quicktopic.com/share?s=QSpo
Ibibio sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Akinbiyi Akinlabi, Eno E. Urua, 2003
Foot structure in the Ibibio verb (PDF). To appear in: Journal of African languages and linguistics.
www.rci.rutgers.edu/~akinlabi/Ibibio.PDF
Ekaete Evangel Akpan, 2006
Assimilatory processes in Ibibio child phonology (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 36th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/36/index.html
Bruce Connell, 2001
Downdrift, downstep and declination (PDF). Paper presented at TAPS (Typology of African Prosodic Systems), University of Bielefeld, May 2001.
www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/TAPS/Connell.pdf
Ulrike Gut, Eno-Abasi E. Urua, Sandrine Adouakou, Dafydd Gibbon, 2001
Rhythm in West African tone languages: a study of Ibibio, Anyi and Ega (PDF). Paper presented at TAPS (Typology of African Prosodic Systems), University of Bielefeld, May 2001.
www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/TAPS/GutAdouakouGibbon.pdf
John Harris, Eno-Abasi E. Urua, 2001
Lenition degrades information: consonant allophony in Ibibio (PDF). Speech, hearing and language: work in progress from the Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College of London, v. 13, p. 72-105.
www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/shl13/contents.htm
Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: Ibibio. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html
D. Amaury Talbot, 1915
Woman's mysteries of a primitive people: the Ibibios of southern Nigeria. Originally published by Cassell & Co. in London. Webbaccess by the Internet Sacred Text Archive.
www.sacred-texts.com/afr/wmp/index.htm
Eno-Abasi E. Urua, 1994
The phonetic description of Ibibio tones (PS). On-line proceedings of the Edinburgh Linguistics Department (Postgraduate) Conference, May 1994.
www.ling.ed.ac.uk/~pgc/archive/1994/proc94/eurua.ps
Eno-Abasi E. Urua, 2001
The tone system of Ibibio (PDF). Paper presented at TAPS (Typology of African Prosodic Systems), University of Bielefeld, May 2001.
www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/TAPS/Urua.pdf
Idoma sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: Idoma. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html
Adama Emmanuel Odumuh, 1994
Idoma - profile of the language situation (PDF).
eric.ed.gov (ED375664)
Bisharat discussion board: Igbo language & ICT.
www.quicktopic.com/share?s=QSpo
Igbo sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Wikipedia in Igbo.
ig.wikipedia.org
C. Chanard
Igbo, Ezaa, Ikwo, Izi - systèmes alphabétiques d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Michael J.C. Echeruo, 1996
The case-tone factor in Igbo nouns, with special reference to the Igbo associative construction (PDF).
eric.ed.gov (ED394273)
O.S. Elegbeleye, 2005
Value assessment of greeting scripts in the interpersonal disposition of the Yoruba and the Igbo cultures of Nigeria (PDF). Studies in tribes and tribals, v. 3 (1), p. 21-25.
www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-03-0-000-000-2005-Web/T%20&%20T-03-1-000-000-2005-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-03-1-021-025-2005-046-Elegbeleye-O-S/T%20&%20T-03-1-021-025-2005-046-Elegbeleye-O-S-Full-Text.pdf
Herbert Igboanusi, 2006
Agents of progress or problem-makers? Missionary activities in the development of the Igbo language (PDF). African study monographs, v. 27, p. 157-168.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/root_e.htm
Peter Ihiunu, Michael Kenstowicz, 1994
Two notes on Igbo vowels (PDF).
web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/kenstowicz/pdf/igbo_vowels.pdf
Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: some contrasting stops in Owerri Igbo. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html
Mona Lindau Webb, Leon Carl Jacobson, Peter Ladefoged, 1972
The feature advanced tongue root (PDF). UCLA working papers in phonetics, v. 22, p. 76-94.
repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No22/
Paul E. Meier, Inge Meier, John Theodor Bendor-Samuel, 1975
A grammar of Izi, an Igbo language (PDF). SIL publications in linguistics, n. 47.
www.ethnologue.org/show_work.asp?id=11699
Ekeoma Mmadufo
Learning Igbo/Igbo Mbu. Transcribed for the net by Chinelo.
www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3629/igbo.html
Onyema Nwazue
Introduction to the Igbo language.
ilc.igbonet.com
Obododimma Oha, 1998
The semantics of female devaluation in Igbo proverbs (PDF). African study monographs, v. 19, p. 87-102.
jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/root.htm
Benedict O. Okiwelu, 1999
La traduction des voix française en igbo: problèmes et solutions (PDF). Meta, v. 44, p. 650-660.
www.erudit.org/revue/meta/1999/v44/n4/003761ar.pdf
Bertram A. Okolo, 1985
An analysis of Igbo proverbs and idioms (PDF). Kansas working papers in linguistics, v. 10, p. 33-55.
hdl.handle.net/1808/496
Françoise Ugochukwu, 2000
Les missions catholiques françaises et le développement des études igbo dans l'est du Nigeria, 1885-1930. From: Cahiers d'études africaines, v. 40.
etudesafricaines.revues.org/document26.html
Uju Clara Umo, 2006
Combined effects of game strategy and location as factors of academic achievement in Igbo grammar. From: Language, society and culture, v. 18.
www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL
Kay Williamson
Dictionary of Onicha Igbo (PDF). Web-version prepared and edited by Roger M. Blench. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
C. Chanard
Igede - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Ikaworld.
www.ikaworld.com
Jouni Maho, 1999
Notes on nouns and noun phrases in Iká (PDF). Working paper from the Gothenburgian Iká Sessions 1998. Göteborg University. Pp 22.
www.african.gu.se/maho/downloads/mahoika.pdf
Joseph Onyeche, 2001
Loss and retention in the Ika language (PDF). Africa & Asia: Göteborg working papers on Asian and African languages and literatures, v. 1, p. 60-68.
www.african.gu.se/aa/pdfs/aa01060.pdf
Joseph Onyeche, 2002
The Ika community: a sociolinguistic description (PDF). Africa & Asia: Göteborg working papers on Asian and African languages and literatures, v. 2, p. 42-53.
www.african.gu.se/aa/pdfs/aa02042.pdf
Ikwere sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Kelechukwu Uchechukwu Ihemere, 2006
An integrated approach to the study of language attitudes and change in Nigeria: the case of the Ikwerre of Port Harcourt City (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 36th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/36/index.html
Isekiri sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Isoko sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Peter Ladefoged
Vowels and consonants: Isoko. Sound files hosted at the UCLA Phonetics Lab.
hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index/language.html
Roger M. Blench
Iten-English dictionary (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
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Ivie, Ivbie < Okpela-Arhe-Ivbie cluster < North-Central Edoid
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Grace Emuekpere-Masagbor, 1997
Preverbal subject markers in Ivie (PDF). PhD thesis. University of Sherbrooke.
www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21850.pdf
Roger M. Blench
A dictionary of the Izere language of Fobur (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Izere dictionary (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Plural verb morphology in Fobur Izere (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Ludwig Gerhardt, 1984
More on the verbal system of Zarek, northern Nigeria (PDF). From: Afrika und Übersee, v. 67, p. 11-30.
books.google.com/books?id=mjIzAAAAIAAJ (whole issue)
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Jere cluster < Nothern Jos < East Kainji < Central Nigerian
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Roger M. Blench, 2006
Plural verb formation in iBoze (East Kainji): a case of extreme allomorphy? (PPT). Paper presented at the 36th colloquium on African languages and linguistics (CALL36), University of Leiden.
www.tca.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/CALL2006/blenchcall2006.pps
Roger M. Blench, John Garah Nengel
Notes on the Panawa (Bujiyel) people and language (PDF). (In press.)
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
John Garah Nengel
Endangerment and survival prospects of the eBoze language, northern Jos Plateau of central Nigeria (PDF). University of Jos.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Jijili (Koro) language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
A dictionary of the Jili (Migili) language of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Jukun-Manuskripte. Scanned manuscripts made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml
(Anonymous?)
Phonological hierarchy of Jukun - Takum dialect (PDF). Scanned manuscript made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml
(Anonymous?)
Jukun greetings (PDF). Scanned manuscript made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml
Sabine Dinslage, Rudolf Leger, 1996
Language and migration: the impact of the Jukun on Chadic-speaking groups in the Benue-Gongola Basin (PDF). Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, v. 8, p. 67-77.
publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3533/
Perry Priest
Jibu dictionary (PDF). Edited by Roger M. Blench. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
William E. Welmers, 1949
Speaking Jukun - Takum dialect (PDF). Scanned manuscript made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml
Roger M. Blench
The West Kainji languages of northwestern Nigeria. Part I: nomenclature and subclassification (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The status of the East Kainji languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
C. Chanard
Kambari - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2003
Sociolinguistic survey (level one) of the Kamuku language cluster (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2003-003.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2003-003
Khana sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Oliver Bond, 2006
A broader perspective on point of view: logophoricity in Ogonoid languages (PDF). From: Selected proceedings of the 35th annual conference on African linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/index.html
Roger M. Blench
The Kulu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Kutep sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Roland J.L. Breton, 1995
Les Furu et leurs voisins: découverte et essai de classification d'un groupe de langues en voie d'extinction au Cameroun (PDF). Cahiers des sciences humaines, v. 31, p. 17-48.
www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/41735.pdf
Roger M. Blench
The Kuturmi language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Kwanka language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Laru people and their language (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Jeff Good, 2003
Arguments as adjuncts: negation and object preposing in Leggbó (PDF). Handout from the LSA Annual Meeting, Atlanta, January 2003.
linguistics.berkeley.edu/~jcgood/Leggbo-LSA2003.pdf
Larry Hyman, Heiko Narrog, Mary Paster, Imelda Udoh, 2002
Leggbó verb inflection: a semantic and phonological particle analysis (PDF). Paper presented at the 28th annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.
linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/Legbo_BLS_paper.pdf
Larry Hyman, Imelda Udoh, 2002
Length harmony in Leggbó: a counter-universal? (PDF). Paper presented at a workshop on the phonology of African languages (WOPAL).
linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/Length_harmony_in_Leggbo2.pdf
Larry Hyman, Imelda Udoh, 2003
Tone mapping in Leggbó (PDF). From: Stress and tone (Frankfurter afrikanistische Blätter 15). Edited by Rose-Juliet Anyanwu. Frankfurt, Germany.
linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/Hyman_Udoh_Leggbo_Tone.pdf
Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2005
Sociolinguistic survey (level one) of the Lela people (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2005-022.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2005-022
B. Rikoto, P. Senchi, S.H. Dettweiler, Sonia G. Dettweiler
C'Lela-English-Hausa dictionary.
homepage.ntlworld.com/david.rowbory/clela
Akinbiyi M. Akinlabí, 2006
Neutral vowels in Lokaa harmony (PDF). From: Wondering at the natural fecundity of things (essays in honor of Alan Prince). Linguistics Research Centre, University of California at Santa Cruz.
repositories.cdlib.org/lrc/prince/3/
Mark Baker, 2004
On verb-initial and verb-final word orders in Lokaa (PDF). Pre-publication version of a paper appearing in: Journal of African languages and linguistics, v. 26.
www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mabaker/Lokaa-word-order.pdf
Alex Iwara, Akinbiyi Akinlabi, Hubert Truckenbrodt
The tonal phonology and phonetics of the future negative in Lokaa (PDF). To appear in: Proceedings of the 33rd annual conference on African linguistics, Ohio University, Athens.
www.rci.rutgers.edu/~akinlabi/Lokaa-final.pdf
Roger M. Blench
The Lopa language of northwestern Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Lucumí vocabulary.
www.lucumi.com/vocalucumi.cfm
Roger M. Blench
A dictionary of Mada, a Plateau language of central Nigeria, based on the Rija dialect: Mada-English with and English-Mada finderlist (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Mada nominal plurals (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Mada pronouns (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Mada verbs (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
C. Chanard
Mbembe - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
Roger M. Blench
The Ndun language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Nincut language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Ningye language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Ninka language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Ninkyop language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Akpondu, Nigbo, Beber, and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Akpondu, Nigbo, Beber, and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Numana language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Numbu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Nunku language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
C. Chanard
Nupe - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
H.J. Jacob, 1999
Translators and language engineering in Nigeria: a case study of Nupe language news translators (PDF). Meta, v. 44, p. 397-402.
www.erudit.org/revue/meta/1999/v44/n2/003236ar.pdf
Mohammed Kuta Yahaya, 2003
The Nupe people of Nigeria (PDF). Studies in tribes and tribals, v. 1 (2), p. 95-110.
www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-01-0-000-000-2003-Web/T%20&%20T-01-2-091-174-2003-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-01-2-095-110-2003-Yahaya/T%20&%20T-01-2-095-110-2003-Yahaya.pdf
Obulom sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Ogba Language Committee, 2005
A dictionary of Ogbà, an Igboid language of southern Nigeria (PDF). Web version revised by Roger M. Blench. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Pe language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Materials on Plateau languages: word lists, dictionaries, morphology (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Plateau field trips 1998-1999 (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Nominal morphology chaos in Plateau languages: trees versus networks (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Prospecting Proto-Plateau (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey of the Pongu people (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-040.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-040
Stephen Dettweiler, Sonia Dettweiler, 2002
Sociolinguistic survey (level one) of the Reshe people (PDF). SIL electronic survey report SILESR 2002-042.
www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-042
Roger M. Blench
The Sambe language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
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Seni < Northern Jos < East Kainji < Central Nigerian
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Roger M. Blench, John Garah Nengel, 2004
Notes on the Seni people and language, with an addendum on Ziriya (PDF). (In press.)
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Shakara language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Shall and Zwall languages of central Nigeria and their affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Sur (Tapshin) language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
Recent fieldwork in Nigeria: report on Horom and Tapshin (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
C. Chanard
Tarok (Yergum) - système alphabétique d'après "Alphabets des langues africaines", Unesco-SIL 1993. LLACAN (Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire).
sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono
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Tee, Tai, (Kana dialect) < Ogoni languages < Cross-River
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Tee sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Tesu language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Toro language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
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Tsishingini < Kambari < West Kainji < Central Nigerian
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Kambari (Tsishingini) sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
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Tunzu, Duguza < Northern Jos < East Kainji < Central Nigerian
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Roger M. Blench, John Garah Nengel, 2004
Notes on the Tunzu (Duguza) people and language (PDF). (In press.)
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Urhobo sound files at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.
archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm
Rose Oro Aziza, Ken Safir
Urhobo files - anaphora sketch, questionnaire, notes. African Anaphora Project, Rutgers University.
www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/Urhobo.html
Anthony Obakponovwe Ukere, 2005
Urhobo-English dictionary (PDF). Typed in by George Sidfer for Kay Williamson. Web version edited by Roger M. Blench, Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
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Wapan, Wukari Jukun < Jukunoid (< Platoid) < Central Nigerian
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W. Evenhouse
Wukari Jukun: a brief desctiption in English (PDF). Scanned manuscript made available by the University of Cologne.
www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/afrikanistik/forschung/ressourcen/jukun/index.shtml
Roger M. Blench
The Yangkam language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Yeskwa language of central Nigeria and its affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Ludwig Gerhardt, 2005
Some notes on Yeskwa (North-Western Plateau, Nigeria), with comments on Koelle's Polyglotta Africana (PDF). Hamburger afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, n. 3, p. 35-52.
www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/10/AfrikaS/veroeffentlichungen.html
See separate page for Yoruba.
Roland J.L. Breton, 1995
Les Furu et leurs voisins: découverte et essai de classification d'un groupe de langues en voie d'extinction au Cameroun (PDF). Cahiers des sciences humaines, v. 31, p. 17-48.
www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/41735.pdf
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Ziriya < Northern Jos < East Kainji < Central Nigerian
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Roger M. Blench, John Garah Nengel, 2004
Notes on the Seni people and language, with an addendum on Ziriya (PDF).
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
Roger M. Blench
The Shall and Zwall languages of central Nigeria and their affinities (PDF). Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
